Obtención y caracterización físico química de un sustrato nutritivo hecho a partir de los desechos del cacao para la producción de plántulas de hortalizas: en asocio con empresa Chukwa Chocolates / Obtaining and physicochemical characterization of a nutritive substrate made from cacao waste for the production of vegetable seedlings: in association with Chukwa Chocolates

En el beneficiado del cacao se producen una gran cantidad de residuos, las mazorcas generalmente son desechadas dentro de los mismos cultivos y genera problemáticas como la proliferación de insectos y microorganismos patógenos. De estos desechos las cáscaras son las de mayor relevancia. La Escuela de Ingeniería Química de ITCA-FEPADE evaluó añadirle valor a este subproducto, incorporando desechos de cáscara de cacao en la formulación de un sustrato para el cultivo de plántulas de hortalizas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener un sustrato orgánico que sirva de soporte material y nutritivo a partir de cáscaras de cacao criollo. La biomasa vegetal se caracterizó teniendo en cuenta parámetros como el porcentaje de humedad, pH, porcentaje de cenizas, contenido de potasio, nitrógeno y fósforo. Se ejecutaron pruebas comparativas de formulación del sustrato, siembra, cultivo y crecimiento de las plántulas de hortalizas de tomate y pepino, obteniendo como resultado la fórmula óptima de un sustrato y abono orgánico y el mejor medio de desarrollo. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que, a partir de un adecuado procesamiento y aprovechamiento de las cáscaras de cacao, se puede transformar este desecho en un producto biomaterial alternativo que genera una opción de bioprospección agroindustrial.

In the cacao beneficiation, a large amount of waste is produced, generally, the cacao pods are discarded within the same crops and generate problems such as the proliferation of insects and pathogenic microorganisms. The shell are the most relevant this waste. In Escuela de Ingeniería Química of ITCA-FEPADE the incorporation of cacao shell waste in the formulation of a substrate for growing vegetables was evaluated because the giving benefit to these by-products. The objective of this research was to obtain a substrate that serves as material and nutritional support for vegetable seedlings, from creole cacao shells. The vegetal biomass was characterized taking into account parameters such as moisture percentage, pH, ash percentage, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus content. Subsequently, comparative tests of formulation, planting and growth of vegetable tomato and cucumber seedlings were carry out, obtaining as result, the optimal formula for the substrate and the best development environment. It concludes that, through an adequate processing and use of the cacao shell, it is possible to transform a waste into an alternative biomaterial product that generates an agro industrial bioprospecting option.

Organic fertilization as an alternative to the chemical in cherry tomato growing under irrigation depths

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of organic fertilization as an alternative to the chemical on the yield and quality of cherry tomato grown under different irrigation depths in protected environment, in 2013 and 2014. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (5 x 3 factor), with five irrigation depths as the factors (70%, 85%, 100%, 115% and 130% of ETc) and three types of fertilization: no fertilized soil (control), NPK fertilized soil (Chemical) and earthworm humus fertilized soil (organic). The following were evaluated in this study: water use efficiency, number of aborted flowers, total soluble solid content, transverse and longitudinal diameter of the fruits, number of fruits and fruit yield per plant. Organic fertilization is an alternative to the chemical with no losses in yield and fruit quality. The increase in water depth enhanced yield and fruit diameters and reduced water use efficiency. Water use efficiency was more sensitive to the increments in water depth than to different types of fertilization. The values ​​of °Brix obtained in the experiment were classified as acceptable for the domestic and international market when submitted to organic fertilization.

Effects of Combined Application Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer on Agronomic Characters，Yield and Quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of different proportions of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the agronomic traits， yield and quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Qichun county， and provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization of its planting. Method:Field plot experiment was carried out to set up 5 treatment methods with different proportions of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers［OM₀ （no combined application of biological organic fertilizer）， OM₁₇ （combined application of 17% biological organic fertilizer）， OM₃₃ （combined application of 33% biological organic fertilizer）， OM₆₇ （combined application of 67% biological organic fertilizer）， OM₁₀₀ （combined application of 100% biological organic fertilizer）］. The effects of different treatment methods on the agronomic characters， leaf yield， output rate of moxa， volatile oil content， flavonoid and phenolic acid contents and mineral element contents of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Qichun county were determined. Result:With the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer in application， the seedling number per unit area， plant height， stem diameter， leaf number， leaf width， leaf length， height of dead leaves and leaf yield of Artemisiae Argyi Folium were increased at first and then decreased. Among them， the yield of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in OM₃₃ treatment was 61.37% higher than that in OM₀ treatment. With the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer， the output rate of moxa of Artemisiae Argyi Folium showed continuously increasing trend， contents of volatile oil and volatile components （eucalyptol， <italic>α</italic>-thujone， borneol， camphor and caryophyllene oxide） increased at first and then decreased， while the contents of <italic>α</italic>-caryophyllene and <italic>β</italic>-syringene decreased gradually， the contents of phenolic acids （neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， isochlorogenic acid B， A and C） increased at first and then decreased， while the contents of flavonoids （jaceosidin and eupatilin） increased continuously， and the contents of mineral elements （Ca， Cu and Zn） continued to increase， but the content of K decreased significantly at the high proportion of organic fertilizer. After treated with principal component analysis （PCA）， it was found that OM₁₇ treatment had the highest quality， while OM₁₀₀ and OM₀ treatment had low quality. Conclusion:Based on comprehensive analysis of agronomic traits， yield and quality indexes of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Qichun county， it is suggested that 17%-33% proportion of organic fertilizer should be used in its production， in order to improve the quality and efficiency of Artemisiae Argyi Folium industry in Qichun county.

Effect of combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on growth and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed through field experiments to study the effect of combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth and quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza, provide ideas for reducing fertilization while increasing the efficiency as well as improving the quality of produces. The experiment included 6 treatments viz., no fertilization(CK), full application of chemical fertilizer(F), 25% orga-nic fertilizer with 75% chemical fertilizer(M25), 50% organic fertilizer with 50% chemical fertilizer(M50), 75% organic fertilizer with 25% chemical fertilizer(M75), and fully apply organic fertilizer(M100). The results showed that:(1)from the perspective of yield and economic benefits, M75 was the best and M100 second;(2)for effective components, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers increased the content of main water-soluble components and the total content of effective components, among which M25 and M50 were better.

Does Dairy Liquid Manure Complementary to Mineral Fertilization Increase Grain Yield Due to Changes in Soil Fertility?

Abstract The main destination of manure is the application to croplands near livestock farms as nutrient source to enhance crop production. The aim of this study was to define the dairy liquid manure (DLM) dose, complementary to the mineral fertilizer, for higher crops yield, in rotation black oat-maize-wheat-soybean, and to identify the soil chemical variables improved by the manure that most affect the yield, in long-term. The experiment was conducted from 2006 to 2015, in no-tillage system, at Paraná State, Brazil. The soil was a Latossolo Bruno Distrófico típico, clayey texture. The treatments consisted by doses of DLM (0, 60, 120 and 180 m3 ha-1 year-1), complementary to the mineral fertilizer (applied in the same amount for all DLM doses). Crops yield and soil chemical variables were evaluated at six depths (0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-40; 40-50 and 50-60 cm). The DLM application increased the yield of all crops, but not in all harvests. The DLM even applied at soil surface improved the soil chemical variables in deep layers, resulting in high positive correlation between yield and exchange bases, P, Zn and Mn contents, and high negative correlation with Ca/Mg ratio and potential acidity at depth 0-10 cm. The DLM dose, complementary to the mineral fertilization, that provided higher soybean and wheat yield was about 130 m3 ha-1 year-1, while for maize this dose was equal to or greater than 180 m3 ha-1 year-1. This effect was not attributed to a single chemical variable but the improvement of all chemical variables evaluated.

Effect of bio-liquid organic fertilizer on the growth of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb seedlings in the pot experiment

Aims@#The objective of this research was to study the effect of bio-liquid organic fertilizer on the growth of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb seedlings (30 days old) in the pot experiment. @*Methodology and results@#For the production of bio-liquid fertilizers, distillery slop; molasses and bio-methane waste water were fermented with plant growth promoting bacteria, which had potentials for nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing and potassium solubilizing properties. It was found that treatment no. 13 (molasses + three bacterial isolates (PGPB), 30 days of fermentation) presented the best result on the growth parameters of D. alatus Roxb including root length (21.67 cm), shoot height (20.33 cm), root fresh weight (1.49 g), shoot fresh weight (3.61 g) and total biomass (4.13 g). Moreover, using liquid organic fertilizer produced from molasses supplemented with bacteria had higher growth-promoting effects on D. alatus than the effective microorganisms (EM). @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#To covert agricultural residues to the valuable product was the aim of this work. In our experiment, we found that molasses and bio-methane waste water were suitable for using as a material to produce liquid organic fertilizers which were beneficial for promoting growth of D. alatus seedlings.

Soil chemical attributes and initial growth of corn crop by adding domestic and industrial sewage sludge / Atributos químicos do solo e crescimento inicial de milho pela adição de lodos de esgoto doméstico e industrial

In recent decades, organic and/or inorganic nonconventional waste such as sewage sludge, agroindustrial or industrial waste, inorganic waste, steel slag, etc., have become some of the most promising alternatives to commercial fertilizer shortages or rising prices. Hence, the aim was to evaluate morphological changes in corn plants and variations in chemical properties of cohesive Yellow Latosol (Oxisol), after the incorporation of sewage sludge doses from domestic waste and the dairy industry. The experimental units were randomised blocks designed with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of five doses of each sewage sludge incorporated into the soil, that is: Domestic Sewage Sludge (DSS) in doses of 0.0; 3.1; 4.6; 6.1 and 9.2 Mg ha-1 (on a dry basis ), and Industrial Sewage Sludge (ISS) in doses of 0.0; 5.2; 7.8; 10.4 e 15.6 Mg ha-1 (on a dry basis), all equivalent to 0; 100; 150; 200 and 300 kg of total N ha-1. Doses equivalent to 150 - 300 kg total N ha-1 led to greater gains in stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass of leaves. Increasing doses of both sewage sludges enable gains in the morphological variables studied, except for root length. Positive linear increments occur in the pH and phosphorus content of soils when the doses of sewage sludge are increased. The exchangeable aluminium and potential acidity are reduced, from the first dose of industrial sewage sludge, with no significant difference for domestic sewage sludge.

Nas últimas décadas a utilização de resíduos orgânicos e/ou inorgânicos não convencionais, como lodo de esgoto, resíduos agroindustriais ou industriais, rejeitos inorgânicos, escórias siderúrgicas, dentre outros, surgem como alternativas promissoras a escassez ou encarecimento dos fertilizantes comerciais. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar alterações morfológicas em plantas de milho e alterações nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Amarelo coeso, após a incorporação de doses de lodos esgoto doméstico e da indústria de laticínios. Os experimentos foram instalados em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco doses de cada lodo incorporadas ao solo, sendo: Lodo de esgoto doméstico (LD) nas doses de 0,0; 3,1; 4,6; 6,1 e 9,2 Mg ha-1 (em base seca) e Lodo de esgoto industrial (LI) nas doses de 0,0; 5,2; 7,8; 10,4 e 15,6 Mg ha-1 (em base seca), equivalentes a 0; 100; 150; 200 e 300 kg de nitrogênio total ha-1. As doses equivalentes de 150 a 300 kg de N ha-1 propiciaram maiores ganhos de diâmetro de colmo, número de folhas, massa fresca e massa seca de folhas. Aumentos nas doses de ambos os lodos de esgotos propiciam ganhos nas variáveis morfológicas estudadas, exceto para o comprimento de raízes. Incrementos lineares positivos ocorrem no pH e no teor de fósforo dos solos com o aumento das doses de lodos. O alumínio trocável e a acidez potencial são reduzidos, a partir da primeira dose de lodo de esgoto industrial, não havendo diferença significativa para o lodo doméstico.

Research progress on bio-organic fertilizer from Chinese materia medica residues / 中草药

With the rapid development of traditional Chinese medicine industry, a large number of Chinese medicine residues were produced as byproducts. A large number of cellulose, protein, lipid and a variety of trace elements in Chinese medicine residues can be used to produce products with new value as the recyclable biomass resources. Chinese medicine residues can be transformed into bio-organic fertilizer through the application of biotechnology, which improves the utilization ratio of these materials. It is a good way to mine potential out of them. On the basis of reviewing domestic and foreign literature, this paper mainly focuses on producing bio-organic fertilizer by making full use of Chinese medicine residues. The practical significance of bio-organic fertilizer research, the value and main ways of recycling residues, the effects of bio-organic fertilizer, the fermentation microbial flora, and the functional microbial flora were described in details in this paper.

Mineralization and efficiency index of nitrogen in cattle manure fertilizers on the soil / Mineralização e índice de eficiência do nitrogênio de fertilizantes de esterco bovino no solo

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the mineralization of nitrogen (N) and to define the efficiency index (EI) of N after the addition of organic fertilizers based on cattle manure on the soil under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized statistical design with four replicates was used. The treatments were set as follows: T1) Soil (control); T2) Soil + vermicompost of cattle manure (CMV); T3) Soil + cattle manure and straw compost (CMS); and T4) Soil + cattle manure (CM). Experimental units were constituted by acrylic flasks with 5 x 5cm (height x diameter). Each flask was added with 135g of wet soil and 2.20, 2.45 and 2.27g of CMV, CMS and CM, respectively. Treatments were incubated at 25°C and the amount of mineral N from the soil (N-NH4+ and N-NO2- + N-NO3-) was determined at the beginning of the experiment and after 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days of incubation. The highest concentration of N-NO2- + N-NO3- in the soil were observed within the CMS treatment. The EI of N was of 27, 23 and 22% for CMS, CMV and CM, respectively. The mineralization of N from organic fertilizers based on cattle manure occurs on its vast majority within the first 28 days after its addition to the soil. The EI of N from the organic fertilizers based of cattle manure was higher for CMS>CMV>CM and achieved only 80% of what expected for organic fertilizers derived from cattle manure.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em condição de laboratório a mineralização do nitrogênio (N) e determinar o índice de eficiência (EI) do N após adição de fertilizantes orgânicos a base de esterco bovino no solo. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1) Solo (testemunha); T2) Solo + vermicomposto de esterco bovino (CMV); T3) Solo + composto de palha e esterco bovino (CMS); e T4) Solo + esterco bovino (CM). As unidades experimentais foram frascos de acrílico com 5cm de altura e 5cm de diâmetro. Em cada frasco, foram adicionados 135g de solo úmido e 2,20, 2,45 e 2,27g de CMV, CMS e CM, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram acondicionados em incubadora a 25°C e os teores de N mineral do solo (N-NH4+ e N-NO2- + N-NO3-) foram determinados na data de instalação, aos 7, 14, 28, 56 e 112 dias de incubação. Os maiores teores de N-NO2- + N-NO3- no solo foram observados no tratamento CMS. O EI do N foi de 27, 23 e 22% para CMS, CM e CMV, respectivamente. A mineralização do N dos fertilizantes orgânicos a base do esterco bovino ocorre em sua grande maioria nos primeiros 28 dias após sua adição ao solo. O EI do N dos fertilizantes orgânicos a base de esterco bovino foi maior para CMS>CMV>CM e atingem apenas 80% do esperado para fertilizantes orgânicos oriundos de esterco bovino.

Evaluation of proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and uptake of nutrients in the German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress and organic fertilizer treatments

Objective To investigate the effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) nutrient uptake, leaf chlorophyll content and osmotic adjustment under field conditions. Methods This experiment was carried out through a randomized complete block design with a split factorial arrangement of treatments in three replications. The main plots were subjected to the following irrigation treatments: irrigation after 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mm evaporation from Class A pan. The sub-plots were treated with three vermicompost doses (0, 5 and 10 t/ha). Results Although drought stress reduced the nutrient percentages in the shoots, application of vermicompost enhanced the nutrient percentages, particularly when the plants were subjected to moderate to severe drought stress conditions. Moreover, the results of this study showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and vermicompost rates on leaf chlorophyll content was significant. Comparison between the combined treatments indicated that under normal irrigation and moderate drought stress conditions chamomile plants received 5 and 10 t/ha vermicompost showed significantly higher leaf chlorophyll content comparing to the control treatment. Conclusions Totally, organic fertilization by vermicompost could partly alleviate the effect of drought stress on chamomile by increasing N, P and K uptake and leaf soluble sugar, especially in stressed treatments.

Evaluation of proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and uptake of nutrients in the German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress and organic fertilizer treatments

Objective: To investigate the effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) nutrient uptake, leaf chlorophyll content and os-motic adjustment under field conditions. Methods: This experiment was carried out through a randomized complete block design with a split factorial arrangement of treatments in three replications. The main plots were subjected to the following irrigation treatments: irrigation after 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mm evaporation from Class A pan. The sub-plots were treated with three vermi-compost doses (0, 5 and 10 t/ha). Results: Although drought stress reduced the nutrient percentages in the shoots, appli-cation of vermicompost enhanced the nutrient percentages, particularly when the plants were subjected to moderate to severe drought stress conditions. Moreover, the results of this study showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and vermicompost rates on leaf chlorophyll content was significant. Comparison between the combined treatments indicated that under normal irrigation and moderate drought stress conditions chamomile plants received 5 and 10 t/ha vermicompost showed significantly higher leaf chlorophyll content comparing to the control treatment. Conclusions: Totally, organic fertilization by vermicompost could partly alleviate the effect of drought stress on chamomile by increasing N, P and K uptake and leaf soluble sugar, especially in stressed treatments.

Lodos de esgoto doméstico e industrial no crescimento inicial e qualidade de mudas de pinhão-manso / Urban and industrial sewage sludge in the initial growth and quality of physic nut seedlings

Na região Nordeste do país o pinhão-manso surge como uma planta promissora para a produção de biodiesel devido ao alto teor de óleo nas sementes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o comportamento e a qualidade de mudas do pinhão-manso, em função de doses de lodos de esgoto doméstico e industrial. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação com cinco tratamentos, consistindo de cinco doses de ambos os lodos de esgoto (equivalentes a 0, 100, 150, 200 e 300 kg N total ha-1), no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, massa fresca da parte aérea, massa fresca da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e índice de qualidade de mudas de Dickson (IQD). O lodo de esgoto industrial favorece as variáveis relacionadas à raiz até a dose de 200 kg N total ha-1 e o lodo de esgoto doméstico as variáveis relacionadas à parte aérea na dose de 200 kg N total ha-1, exceto para a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz de mudas de pinhão-manso. O lodo de esgoto industrial não alterou a quantidade de massa seca da parte aérea de mudas de pinhão-manso. O índice de qualidade de Dickson caracteriza as mudas de pinhão-manso como de boa qualidade, contudo não apresenta diferença significativa entre os tratamentos.

In the Northeast region of the country the physic nut emerges as a promising plant for the biodiesel production, due its high oil content in seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior and seedlings quality of physic nut, depending on the dose of domestic and industrialsewage sludge. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with five treatments, consisting in five doses for both sewage sludge (equivalent to 0, 100, 150, 200 and 300 kg total N ha-1), in complete randomized blocks, with four replications. The variables analyzed were: shoot length, root length, leaf number, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry mass and index of seedlings quality of Dickson. The industrial sewage sludge increases the variables related to the root until level of 200 kg total N ha-1 and domestic sewage sludge increases variables related to shoot at a dose of 200 kg total N ha-1, except for the dry matter of shoot and root system of physic nut seedlings. The industrial sewage sludge did not change the amount of dry matter of shoots of physic nut seedlings. The Dickson quality index (DQI) characterizes the seedlings of physic nut as good quality, however no significant difference was found between treatments.

Effects of Liquid Fertilizer Produced from Sewage Sludge by the Hydrothermal Process on the Growth of Komatsuna.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the possibility of recycling the liquid product obtained from sewage sludge by the hydrothermal treatment as a kind of organic fertilizer and its effect on the plant growth. A small scale hydrothermal treatment experiment was performed and proved that the liquid product contains high content of nitrogen and low content of micronutrients. Therefore, the liquid product has the potential to be used as a kind of liquid fertilizer. In a seed germination test, the liquid product indicated low phytotoxicity. Moreover, in a Komatsuna cultivation experiment, the liquid product showed accelerate effect to the crop yield which is not lower than the chemical fertilizer. Through the low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, the sewage sludge was converted into liquid organic material that could be used as a delayed-release nitrogen fertilizer for the growth of Komatsuna. These results indicated the possibility of establishing a comprehensive system for recycling sewage sludge into a kind of organic fertilizer.

Doses de dejeto líquido de suínos na comunidade da fauna edáfica em sistema plantio direto e cultivo mínimo / Doses of liquid swine slurry on soil biota community under no tillage and minimum tillage

A elevada produção de dejeto líquido de suínos faz do solo a principal alternativa para a sua utilização na forma de fertilizante orgânico. Contudo, a adição de resíduos orgânicos nos sistemas de manejo do solo é um fator que pode influenciar a biota do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influencia da aplicação de doses de dejeto líquido de suíno na fauna do solo em diferentes sistemas de cultivos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental no município de Taquaruçu do Sul, RS. O delineamento foi em blocos casualisados em arranjo fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sistemas de manejo do solo (mínimo e plantio direto) e cinco doses (0, 20, 40, 80m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suíno e adubação química) com quatro repetições. As coletas da fauna edáfica foram realizadas com armadilhas tipo PROVID, em parcelas de 22,5m². Avaliou-se o total de grupos, colêmbolos, ácaros, abundância, riqueza, índice dominância de Simpson, diversidade de Shannon e o índice de Pielou. Os resultados indicam que o sistema plantio direto associado a 40 e 80m³ ha-1 resultam em maior abundância de organismos, ocasionada pelo maior número de colêmbolos. A população de ácaros é maior no cultivo mínimo, em comparação ao sistema plantio direto na dose de 80m³ ha-1. No sistema plantio direto, a dominância de Simpson aumenta e a diversidade de Shannon diminui com a elevação das doses de dejeto líquido de suíno.

The high production of liquid pig slurry makes the soil, the main alternative to its use as an organic fertilizer. However, the addition of organic residues in soil management systems is a factor that may influence the soil biota. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dose application of liquid swine manure on soil biota in different cropping systems. The study was conducted in the experimental area located in the Taquaruçu do Sul. The design was a randomized block factorial arrangement (2x5), two soil management (minimum and no tillage) and five doses (0, 20, 40, 80m³ ha-1 of liquid swine slurry and chemical fertilizer - ROLAS) with four replications. Sampling of soil biota was carried out with PROVID traps in plots of 22.5m². It was evaluated the total group, springtails, mites, abundance, richness, Simpson’s index, Shannon’s diversity and Pielou’s index. The results indicate that no tillage system associated with 40 and 80m³ ha-1 resulted in a greater abundance of organisms, caused by the greater number of springtails. The mite population is larger in minimum tillage compared to no tillage at a rate of 80m³ ha-1. In no-tillage increases the dominance of Simpson and Shannon diversity decreases with increasing levels of liquid swine manure.

Estado nutricional e teores de metais pesados em plantas de alface adubadas com compostos orgânicos / Nutritional status and levels of heavy metals in lettuce plants fertilized with organic compounds

A utilização de compostos orgânicos tem sido uma boa opção para reduzir os gastos com fertilizantes minerais e obter aumento de produtividade no cultivo de alface. Entretanto, dada à grande diversidade de matérias primas utilizada na preparação de compostos orgânicos, são necessários estudos para avaliar seus efeitos tanto sobre a liberação de nutrientes essenciais às plantas quanto sobre a liberação de substâncias contaminantes, como os metais pesados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a nutrição mineral, bem como contaminação por metais pesados, da alface crespa em solos tratados com doses e tipos de composto orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x4, sendo cinco tipos de compostos orgânicos e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 35, 70 e 140 kg ha-1 de N), com quatro repetições. De maneira geral, as doses dos compostos estudados não foram suficientes para fornecer a quantidade necessária de nutrientes para a alface, com exceção das de nitrogênio. Não se observou elevação dos teores de metais pesados no solo, acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira. Além disso, compostos a base de esterco mais grama, e um composto comercial causaram aumentos nos teores de Zn nas plantas, a níveis acima do recomendado para o consumo.

The use of organic compounds has been a good option to reduce spending on fertilizers, and gain increased productivity in the cultivation of lettuce. However, given the wide variety of raw materials used in the preparation of organic compounds, studies are needed to evaluate its effects on the release of essential nutrients to plants and on the release of contaminants such as heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral nutrition and heavy metal contamination of lettuce in soils treated with doses and types of compost. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in randomized blocks in factorial scheme 5x4, with five types of organic compounds and four nitrogen levels (0, 35, 70 and 140 kg ha-1 of N), with four replications. In general, the doses of the compounds were not enough to provide the necessary quantity of nutrients to the lettuce, with the exception of nitrogen. There was no increase in levels of heavy metals in the soil above that allowed by Brazilian legislation. Furthermore, compounds based on manure plus grass, and commercial compound caused increases in Zn concentration in plants at levels above the recommended for consumed.

Broadcast and band application of poultry litter on soybean crop / Aplicação de cama de aves a lanço e no sulco na cultura da soja

The development of the poultry industry in the central west region of Brazil have provided considerable quantities of organic waste, poultry litter, which have potential for use in agriculture. However there are few studies about the release dynamics of the poultry litter nutrients, what makes it difficult to define the dose as well the form of application of this organic residue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of poultry litter, with two forms of application, on growth and yield of soybean. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme 5 x 2 + 2, being factors doses of poultry litter (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 t ha-1) and application forms, broadcast and band. On the control treatments were applied mineral fertilizer, one broadcast and one band. The variables plant height, shoot dry matter and chlorophyll were measured in stage R2 and yield at the end of the crop cycle. The increase in rates of poultry litter increases linearly the plant height while the shoot dry matter and yield had a quadratic response. The form of poultry litter application did not influence the yield and dry matter, affecting only plant height and leaf chlorophyll. The band application of poultry litter provides increased plant growth. The organic fertilization with poultry litter can replace mineral fertilizers on soybean.

O desenvolvimento da indústria avícola na região centro oeste têm disponibilizado quantidades consideráveis de resíduos orgânicos, cama de aves, que apresentam potencial para utilização na agricultura. Entretanto ainda há poucos trabalhos sobre a dinâmica da disponibilização dos nutrientes, o que dificulta a definição da dose e a forma de aplicação desse resíduo orgânico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de cama de aves, a lanço e no sulco de plantio, sobre desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura da soja. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial de 5 x 2 + 2, sendo os fatores doses de cama de aves (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 t ha-1) e formas de aplicação, a lanço e no sulco de semeadura. As testemunhas foram adubadas com fertilizante mineral, uma a lanço e outra no sulco de semeadura. Foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, matéria seca da parte aérea e clorofila foliar no estádio R2 e a produtividade no final do ciclo da cultura. O acréscimo nas doses de cama de aves aumenta a altura de plantas linearmente enquanto que a matéria seca e produtividade com resposta quadrática. A forma de aplicação da cama de aves não influencia a produtividade e matéria seca, afetando apenas a altura de plantas e clorofila foliar, com a aplicação no sulco de plantio proporcionando maior crescimento das plantas. A adubação orgânica com cama de aves pode substituir a adubação mineral na cultura da soja.

Resposta da alface à aplicação de biofertilizante sob dois níveis de irrigação / Response of the lettuce to the application of biofertilizer under two levels of irrigation

A utilização de biofertilizantes é interessante para a agricultura, pois além de ser uma alternativa econômica e ambiental favorável, aproveita resíduos orgânicos e reduz a aplicação de fertilizantes minerais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de doses de biofertilizante de origem bovina (efluente de biodigestor) aplicadas no solo e de dois níveis de irrigação na cultura da alface. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, em vasos, aplicando-se ao solo diferentes doses de biofertilizante de origem bovina obtido de reator anaeróbio (10, 20, 40 e 60 m3 ha1 ) e adubação mineral como testemunha em dois níveis de irrigação calculados com base em 50 e 100% de evapotranspiração de referência. As plantas de alface foram analisadas em: altura, número de folhas, diâmetro de copa, massa de matéria fresca e massa de matéria seca da parte aérea. Os tratamentos com biofertilizante apresentam melhores resultados que a adubação mineral, e tem aumento com a elevação das doses de biofertilizante; a maior dose (60 m3 ha-1) apresentou os melhores resultados em todas as variáveis analisadas. Para a massa seca, a adubação mineral apresentou maiores valores. Os níveis de irrigação não influenciaram no crescimento das plantas.

The use of biofertilizers is interesting for agriculture as being an economical alternative as well as it is environmentally friendly by using organic waste and reducing the application of mineral fertilizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofertilizer doses of bovine origin (biodigester effluent) applied on the ground and two levels of irrigation on lettuce. The experiment was conducted under protection of a greenhouse in pots, applying to the soil different doses of biofertilizer of bovine origin obtained from anaerobic reactor (10, 20, 40 and 60 m3 ha-1) and mineral fertilizer as a witness in two irrigation levels calculated at 50 and 100% of reference evapotranspiration. The lettuce plants were analyzed in their: height, leaves number, crown diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots. The biofertilizer treatments showed better results than the mineral fertilizer and has increased with increasing doses of biofertilizer, the highest dose (60 m3 ha-1) showed the best results in all variables. For dry, mineral fertilization showed higher values. The irrigation levels had no effect on plant growth.

The Effect of Locally Fabricated Pelletizing Machine on the Chemical and Microbial Composition of Organic Fertilizer.

In order to make organic fertilizer more quantifiable and attractive to farmers, a pelletizing machine was fabricated locally to produce pellets from powdery fertilizer. However, concerns have been raised on the potential impacts this process could have on the quality of organic fertilizer. An experimental study design with laboratory analysis was adopted. The study took place at Alesinloye market solid waste recycling complex, Ibadan Nigeria, in April, 2012. Samples of both powdery fertilizer and pellets were collected for chemical analysis. Total bacterial count was also determined in the laboratory. The results were subjected to student t- test statistics to compare the means. The variations in the levels of N (2.14 ± 0.02%; 2.39 ± 0.01%), C (37.19 ± 0.01%; 39.25 ± 0.01%), Na (0.1 ± 0.01%; 0.12 ± 0.01%), Ca (1.09 ± 0.01%; 1.16 ± 0.02%) and all heavy metals analyzed: Mn (123.50 ± 0.50 mg/kg; 131.50 ± 0.50 mg/kg), Fe (2,083.00 ± 8.00 mg/kg; 2,135.50 ± 1.50 mg/kg), Cu (224.50 ± 1.50 mg/kg; 238.00 ± 1.00 mg/kg), Zn (305.00 ± 1.00 mg/kg; 330.00 ±1.00 mg/kg), Pb (13.75 ± 0.15 mg/kg; 15.70 ± 0.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.82 ± 0.02 mg/kg; 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Ni (6.68 ± 0.02 mg/kg; 7.12 ± 0.02 mg/kg), and Cr (7.88 ± 0.03 mg/kg; 8.81 ± 0.01 mg/kg) for pellet and powdery fertilizers respectively was significant (P =.05). The microbial count was significantly lower in pellets than powdery fertilizer. It is evident in this study that pelletizing improved the quality of organic fertilizer due to the significant reduction of heavy metals and bacterial. Though pelletizing significantly reduced the levels of major nutrients as well, the effects were minimal as the pelletized fertilizer still fulfilled the standards organic fertilizer requirements. It is therefore recommended that organic fertilizers should be pelletized before their usage.

Características morfogênicas do capim-piatã submetido à adubação com efluentes de abatedouro avícola / Morphogenetic characteristics of palisadegrass Piata fertilized with effluent from poultry processing plant

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes doses de efluente de abatedouro avícola para proporcionar melhorias nas características produtivas, morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-piatã. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em que foram testadas cinco doses de efluentes: 324, 648, 972, 1.296 e 1620m³ ha-1 ou equivalente a 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250kg ha-1 de N. As variáveis mensuradas foram: produção de matéria seca (MS), taxa de aparecimento de folha (TApF), taxa de alongamento de folha (TAlF), filocrono, taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo (TAlC), comprimento final de folha (CFF) e números de folhas verdes (NFV). A produção de MS seguiu um modelo linear de predição em função das doses efluente avícola, em que o tratamento com 250kg ha-1 de N foi 55% maior, quando comparado com o tratamento de 50kg ha-1 de N. Todas as características morfogênicas e estruturais avaliadas com exceção do filocrono apresentaram comportamento linear positivo. Dessa forma, o efluente de abatedouro avícola pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para adubação do capim-piatã, pois este respondeu de maneira crescente até a dose máxima testada.

The organic fertilizer is considered a viable alternative for the production of forage grasses. However there is little information about the rates and composition of the organic fertilizers. According to this assumption the objective of this study was to figure out the best dose of effluent from poultry processing plants in order to improve the structural, morphogenetic and productive characteristics of Piata palidadegrass. The experiment was carried out at a greenhouse and performed in a completely randomized design in which five doses of effluent, 324, 648, 972, 1296 and 1620m³ ha-1 were tested and equivalent to 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250kg ha-1 de N respectively. The measured variables were: dry matter (DM), leaf appearance rate, leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, pseudo stem elongation rate, final leaf length and numbers of green leaves. The production of DM presented a linear prediction model according to the N rates, while the treatment with 250kg ha-1 de N was 55% higher when compared to the treatment with 50kg ha-1 de N. All morphogenetic and structural characteristics that were evaluated presented a positive linear fashion, except the phyllochron. Thus, the effluent from poultry processing plant may be used as an alternative to fertilization of the 'Piata' palisadegrass because this responded by increasing the maximum dose tested.

Lodo de esgoto como fonte de nitrogênio: concentração no perfil do solo e em plantas de milho / Sewage sludge as source of nitrogen: concentration in the soil profile and in corn plants

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração de nitrogênio em plantas de milho e ao longo do perfil de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico submetido a doses de lodo de esgoto e fertilizante mineral. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (0,0; 55,0; 110,0 e 167,5 Mg.ha-1 de lodo de esgoto em doses acumuladas) e 5 repetições para um período de avaliação de 1 ano. A amostragem de solo foi realizada aos 60 dias após a emergência (d.a.e.) das plantas nas profundidades 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m. Também aos 60, 80 e 128 d.a.e. foram coletadas, respectivamente, folha diagnose, planta inteira e grão. As maiores doses de lodo de esgoto proporcionaram maiores quantidades de nitrogênio no solo. O nitrogênio do solo, após a profundidade de 0,6 m, não diferiu entre as camadas avaliadas. Quanto maior a dose de lodo de esgoto, menor a proporção de nitrogênio em profundidade.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of nitrogen in corn plants and along the profile of an Oxisol subjected to doses of sewage sludge and mineral fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with 4 treatments (0.0; 55.0; 110.0 and 167.5 Mg.ha-1 of sewage sludge accumulated doses) and 5 reps for a trial period of 1 year. Soil sampling was performed 60 days after emergence (d.a.e.) plants at depths 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 m. Also at 60, 80 and 128 d.a.e. were collected, respectively, diagnosis leaf, whole plant and grain. Higher doses of sewage sludge provided higher amounts of nitrogen in the soil. The soil nitrogen, after the depth of 0.6 m, did not differ between the layers evaluated. The higher the dose of sewage sludge, the lower the proportion of nitrogen in depth.